This article explores hydroponics, a core form of soilless cultivation, as a revolutionary approach reshaping modern agriculture. It defines hydroponics as a method where plant roots are directly submerged in a nutrient solution, emphasizing the critical role of the rhizosphere environment in ensuring root health and nutrient absorption. Compared to traditional soil cultivation and substrate cultivation, hydroponics offers direct and efficient nutrient supply, as the nutrient solution provides fully dissolved ionic nutrients, avoiding soil-borne pollutants and reducing reliance on organic fertilizers with inherent risks.

This article explores the technological innovations and operational frameworks of container-based plant factories, which redefine modern agriculture through modular design and intelligent systems. As self-contained agricultural production units, containers are retrofitted with polyurethane-insulated panels and tempered glass for optimal environmental control. Key components include soilless cultivation systems (hydroponics, substrate culture, aeroponics), LED lighting with spectral adjustment capabilities, and automated nutrient solution management that recycles over 90% of water resources.

This article addresses the challenges novice plant owners face, highlighting the critical need for understanding dynamic equilibrium among growth factors like light, water, and soil. It identifies root rot as the primary cause of plant death, emphasizing the risks of low-quality potting soils and the advantages of specialized substrates like π Soil Biochar Mud Seedling Substrate, which offers optimal air-water balance (70:30) and sterilization.

Smart agriculture represents a transformative shift in traditional farming, leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and big data to create a highly efficient, data-driven agricultural ecosystem. This article explores the core definition and broad connotations of smart agriculture, emphasizing its integration of IoT-based precision production models with extended industrial applications, including e-commerce, food traceability, and agri-tourism.Auma’s IOT system serves as a technological cornerstone, featuring multi-protocol data collection (Modbus RTU/TCP), multi-network control architectures (WiFi/Ethernet), and secure cloud storage with encrypted, compressed data management.