Soilless cultivation—including hydroponics, aeroponics, and substrate cultivation—has revolutionized modern agriculture by enabling efficient and sustainable crop production without the need for traditional soil. These innovative methods provide numerous benefits, such as water and land conservation, higher yields, and better disease control, all while reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. As a result, soilless cultivation is increasingly seen as a solution to many of the challenges faced by conventional farming.

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, using a nutrient-rich water solution to provide essential minerals for plant growth. This system offers several advantages, including water conservation, shorter growth cycles, higher yields, and a reduced risk of pests and diseases. Common hydroponic crops include lettuce, spinach, pak choi, and various herbs, which thrive in well-controlled environments. The growing medium typically consists of perlite, vermiculite, or rock wool, and the plants' nutrient solution must be carefully prepared and regularly changed to ensure optimal growth.